Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 2024, 168(3):191-199 | DOI: 10.5507/bp.2024.007

Chronic non-bacterial osteomyelitis (CNO) and chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) with a focus on pamidronate therapy

Katerina Bouchalova, Zuzana Pytelova
Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Czech Republic

Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO), also called chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO) or nonbacterial osteomyelitis (NBO), is a rare autoinflammatory bone disease of unknown etiology. However, the number of patients properly diagnosed would increase with better knowledge of the disease. In this regard, whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (WB MRI) has been found to be a better predictor of active lesions than clinical examination. Importantly, the RINBO index (radiologic index for NBO) quantifies the involvement based on the WB MRI. Further, a chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis MRI scoring (CROMRIS) has been developed as an online tool for assessing WB MRI. The therapy consists of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), bisphosphonates (pamidronate, zoledronate, etc.) and other drugs, including biologics. Pamidronate is an appropriate and safe therapy. The first pilot prospective randomised controlled trial (RCT) on pamidronate vs. placebo was carried out in adults. No RCT has been done in children yet. Besides RCTs, there are a number of issues to be explored in future, i.e. predictors of therapy effect, optimal therapy duration, predictors of therapy discontinuation and evaluation of optimal therapy protocol. Recently, the CNO clinical disease activity score (CDAS) was constructed and validated but the classification criteria are still being developed. As collaboration on this rare disease is essential, a prospective Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis International Registry (CHOIR) was established to generate future comparative effectiveness research data.

Keywords: chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO), chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO), nonbacterial osteomyelitis (NBO), SAPHO syndrome, diagnosis, therapy, pamidronate

Received: February 22, 2024; Revised: February 28, 2024; Accepted: February 28, 2024; Prepublished online: April 27, 2024; Published: September 12, 2024  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Bouchalova, K., & Pytelova, Z. (2024). Chronic non-bacterial osteomyelitis (CNO) and chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) with a focus on pamidronate therapy. Biomedical papers, 168(3), 191-199. doi: 10.5507/bp.2024.007
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Giedion A, Holthusen W, Masel LF, Vischer D. Subacute and chronic "symmetrical" osteomyelitis. Ann Radiol (Paris) 1972;15(3):329-42.
    2. Probst FP, Björksten B, Gustavson KH. Radiological aspect of chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis. Ann Radiol (Paris) 1978;21(2-3):115-25.
    3. Ferguson PJ, Hedrich CM. Autoinflammatory bone diseases. In Petty RE, Laxer RM, Lindsley CB, Wedderburn LR, Mellins ED, Fuhlbrigge RC. Textbook of Pediatric Rheumatology 8th ed., Elsevier Books 2021, p. 544-554.
    4. Arnoldi AP, Schlett CL, Douis H, Geyer LL, Voit AM, Bleisteiner F, Jansson AF, Weckbach S. Whole-body MRI in patients with Non-bacterial Osteitis: Radiological findings and correlation with clinical data. Eur Radiol 2017;27(6):2391-9. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    5. Zhao Y, Sato TS, Nielsen SM, Beer M, Huang M, Iyer RS, McGuire M, Ngo A-V, Otjen JP, Panwar J, Stimec J, Thapa M, Toma P, Taneja A, Gove NE, Ferguson PJ. Development of a Scoring Tool for Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Evaluation of its Interrater Reliability. J Rheumatol 2020;47(5):739-47. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    6. Capponi M, Pires Marafon D, Rivosecchi F, Zhao Y, Pardeo M, Messia V, Tanturri de Horatio L, Tomà P, De Benedetti F, Insalaco A. Assessment of disease activity using a whole-body MRI derived radiological activity index in chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2021;19(1):123. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    7. NCT04725422. [cited 2024 Feb 20] Available from https://clinicaltrials.gov/
    8. Ramanan AV, Hampson LV, Lythgoe H, Jones AP, Hardwick B, Hind H, Jacobs B, Vasileiou D, Wadsworth I, Ambrose N, Davidson J, Ferguson PJ, Herlin T, Kavirayani A, Killeen OG, Compeyrot-Lacassagne S, Laxer RM, Roderick M, Swart JF, Hedrich CM, Beresford MW. Defining consensus opinion to develop randomised controlled trials in rare diseases using Bayesian design: An example of a proposed trial of adalimumab versus pamidronate for children with CNO/CRMO. PLoS One 2019;14(6):e0215739. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    9. Wu EY, Oliver M, Scheck J, Lapidus S, Akca UK, Yasin S, Stern SM, Insalaco A, Pardeo M, Simonini G, Marrani E, Wang X, Huang B, Kovalick LK, Rosenwasser N, Casselman G, Liau A, Shao Y, Yang C, Mosa DM, Tucker L, Girschick H, Laxer RM, Akikusa JD, Hedrich CM, Onel K, Dedeoglu F, Twilt M, Ferguson PJ, Ozen S, Zhao Y. Feasibility of Conducting Comparative Effectiveness Research and Validation of a Clinical Disease Activity Score for Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis. J Rheumatol 2023;50(10):1333-40. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    10. Cox AJ, Darbro BW, Laxer RM, Velez G, Bing X, Finer AL, Erives A, Mahajan VB, Bassuk AG, Ferguson PJ. Recessive coding and regulatory mutations in FBLIM1 underlie the pathogenesis of chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO). PLoS One 2017;12(3):e0169687. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    11. Golla A, Jansson A, Ramser J, Hellebrand H, Zahn R, Meitinger T, Belohradsky BH, Meindl A. Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO): evidence for a susceptibility gene located on chromosome 18q21.3-18q22. Eur J Hum Genet 2002;10(3):217-21. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    12. Hofmann SR, Kapplusch F, Mäbert K, Hedrich CM. The molecular pathophysiology of chronic non-bacterial osteomyelitis (CNO)-a systematic review. Mol Cell Pediatr 2017;4(1):7. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    13. McCann L, Beresford MW, Hahn G, Hedrich CM. Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis. in Efthimiou P. Autoinflammatory Syndromes. 1st ed., Springer 2019, p. 227-248. Go to original source...
    14. Hedrich CM et Girschick HJ. Chronic Non-Bacterial Osteomyelitis. in Hashkes PJ, Laxer RM, Simon A, editors. Textbook of Autoinflammation. 1st ed., Springer 2019, p. 563-585. Go to original source...
    15. Hofmann SR, Schnabel A, Rösen-Wolff A, Morbach H, Girschick HJ, Hedrich CM. Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis: Pathophysiological Concepts and Current Treatment Strategies. J Rheumatol 2016;43(11):1956-64. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    16. Roderick M, Shah R, Finn A, Ramanan AV. Efficacy of pamidronate therapy in children with chronic non-bacterial osteitis: disease activity assessment by whole body magnetic resonance imaging. Rheumatology 2014;53(11):1973-6. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    17. Girschick H, Finetti M, Orlando F, Schalm S, Insalaco A, Ganser G, Nielsen S, Herlin T, Koné-Paut I, Martino S, Cattalini M, Anton J, Mohammed Al-Mayouf S, Hofer M, Quartier P, Boros C, Kuemmerle-Deschner J, Pires Marafon D, Alessio M, Schwarz T, Ruperto N, Martini A, Jansson A, Gattorno M; Paediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organisation (PRINTO) and the Eurofever registry. The multifaceted presentation of chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis: a series of 486 cases from the Eurofever international registry. Rheumatology 2018;57(7):1203-11. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    18. Schnabel A, Range U, Hahn G, Berner R, Hedrich CM. Treatment Response and Longterm Outcomes in Children with Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis. J Rheumatol 2017;44(7):1058-65. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    19. Bouchalová K, Fráňová J, Schüller M, Skotáková J, Macků M. Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) in childhood - review and original results. Čes Revmatol 2019;27(3):116-24. [in Czech]
    20. Bouchalova K, Schüller M, Franova J, Skotakova J, Macku M. A patient with three diagnoses? juvenile idiopathic arthritis, chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis and atypical subacute Moraxella osloensis infection. Abstract B3: 24th PReS congress 2017, Athens, published in Pediatric Rheumatology 2017;15(Suppl 2):B3.
    21. Cebecauerová D, Malcová H, Koukolská V, Kvíčalová Z, Souček O, Wagenknecht L, Bronský J, ©umník Z, Kynčl M, Cebecauer M, Horváth R. Two phenotypes of chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis with different patterns of bone involvement. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2022;20(1):108. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    22. Afifi N, Gardee S, Gunaratram A, Kaur B, Kleparnik D, Pytelova Z, Bouchalova K. 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in patients with chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis. Pediatric Rheumatology 2023;21(Suppl 2):P041.
    23. King SM, Laxer RM, Manson D, Gold R. Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis: a noninfectious inflammatory process. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1987;6(10):907-11. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    24. Miettunen PM, Wei X, Kaura D, Reslan WA, Aguirre AN, Kellner JD. Dramatic pain relief and resolution of bone inflammation following pamidronate in 9 pediatric patients with persistent chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO). Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2009;7:2. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    25. Jansson A, Renner ED, Ramser J, Mayer A, Haban M, Meindl A, Grote V, Diebold J, Jansson V, Schneider K, Belohradsky BH. Classification of non-bacterial osteitis: retrospective study of clinical, immunological and genetic aspects in 89 patients. Rheumatology 2007;46(1):154-60. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    26. Roderick MR, Shah R, Rogers V, Finn A, Ramanan AV. Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) - advancing the diagnosis. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2016;14(1):47. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    27. Mohanna M, Roberts E, Whitty L, Gritzfeld JF, Pain CE, Girschick HJ, Preston J, Hadjittofi M, Anderson C, Ferguson PJ, Theos A, Hedrich CM. Priorities in Chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO) - results from an international survey and roundtable discussions. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2023;21(1):65. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    28. Singhal S, Landes C, Shukla R, McCann LJ, Hedrich CM. Classification and management strategies for paediatric chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis and chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2023;19(9):1101-16. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    29. Voit AM, Arnoldi AP, Douis H, Bleisteiner F, Jansson MK, Reiser MF, Weckbach S, Jansson AF. Whole-body Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis: Clinical Longterm Assessment May Underestimate Activity. J Rheumatol 2015;42(8):1455-62. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    30. Eutsler EP, Khanna G. Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging in children: technique and clinical applications. Pediatr Radiol 2016;46(6):858-72. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    31. Leclair N, Thörmer G, Sorge I, Ritter L, Schuster V, Hirsch FW. Whole-Body Diffusion-Weighted Imaging in Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis in Children. PLoS One 2016;11(1):e0147523. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    32. Andreasen CM, Klicman RF, Herlin T, Hauge EM, Jurik AG. Standardized reporting and quantification of whole-body MRI findings in children with chronic non-bacterial osteomyelitis treated with pamidronate. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2022;20(1):85. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    33. Ferguson PJ, Sandu M. Current understanding of the pathogenesis and management of chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2012;14(2):130-41. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    34. Hedrich CM, Hahn G, Girschick HJ, Morbach H. A clinical and pathomechanistic profile of chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis/chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis and challenges facing the field. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2013;9(9):845-54. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    35. Hedrich CM, Hofmann SR, Pablik J, Morbach H, Girschick HJ. Autoinflammatory bone disorders with special focus on chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO). Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2013;11(1):47. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    36. Hofmann SR, Kapplusch F, Girschick HJ, Morbach H, Pablik J, Ferguson PJ, Hedrich CM. Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis (CRMO): Presentation, Pathogenesis, and Treatment. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2017;15(6):542-54. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    37. Hofmann SR, Kubasch AS, Range U, Laass MW, Morbach H, Girschick HJ, Hedrich CM. Serum biomarkers for the diagnosis and monitoring of chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO). Rheumatol Int 2016;36(6):769-79. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    38. Hofmann SR, Böttger F, Range U, Lück C, Morbach H, Girschick HJ, Suttorp M, Hedrich CM. Serum Interleukin-6 and CCL11/Eotaxin May Be Suitable Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis. Front Pediatr 2017;5:256. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    39. Morbach H, Dick A, Beck C, Stenzel M, Müller-Hermelink HK, Raab P, Girschick HJ. Association of chronic non-bacterial osteomyelitis with Crohn's disease but not with CARD15 gene variants. Rheumatol Int 2010;30(5):617-21. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    40. Audu GK, Nikaki K, Crespi D, Spray C, Epstein J. Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis and inflammatory bowel disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2015;60(5):586-91. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    41. Zhao Y, Wu EY, Oliver MS, Cooper AM, Basiaga ML, Vora SS, Lee TC, Fox E, Amarilyo G, Stern SM, Dvergsten JA, Haines KA, Rouster-Stevens KA, Onel KB, Cherian J, Hausmann JS, Miettunen P, Cellucci T, Nuruzzaman F, Taneja A, Barron KS, Hollander MC, Lapidus SK, Li SC, Ozen S, Girschick H, Laxer RM, Dedeoglu F, Hedrich CM, Ferguson PJ; Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis/Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis Study Group and the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance Scleroderma, Vasculitis, Autoinflammatory and Rare Diseases Subcommittee. Consensus Treatment Plans for Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis Refractory to Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs and/or With Active Spinal Lesions. Arthritis Care Res 2018;70(8):1228-37. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    42. Roderick MR, Sen ES, Ramanan AV. Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis in children and adults: current understanding and areas for development. Rheumatology 2018;57(1):41-8. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    43. Reiser C, Klotsche J, Hospach T, Heubner G, Windschall D, Trauzeddel R, Groesch N, Niewerth M, Minden K, Girschick H. Long-term follow-up of children with chronic non-bacterial osteomyelitis-assessment of disease activity, risk factors, and outcome. Arthritis Res Ther 2023;25(1):228. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    44. Gleeson H, Wiltshire E, Briody J, Hall J, Chaitow J, Sillence D, Cowell C, Munns C. Childhood chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis: pamidronate therapy decreases pain and improves vertebral shape. J Rheumatol 2008;35(4):707-12.
    45. Hospach T, Langendoerfer M, von Kalle T, Maier J, Dannecker GE. Spinal involvement in chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) in childhood and effect of pamidronate. Eur J Pediatr 2010;169(9):1105-11. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    46. Chen Z, Cheng L, Feng G. Bone inflammation and chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2018;22(5):1380-6.
    47. Kostik MM, Kopchak OL, Chikova IA, Isupova EA, Mushkin AY. Comparison of different treatment approaches of pediatric chronic non-bacterial osteomyelitis. Rheumatol Int 2019;39(1):89-96. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    48. Fraleigh R, Wei XC, Yu W, Miettunen PM. Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis with a comprehensive approach to differential diagnosis of paediatric skull pain. BMJ Case Rep 2023;16(1). Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    49. Stojkic I, Rubin E, Lee J, Lee ASE, Ogbu EA. An unusual presentation of chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis involving bones of the skull. Int J Rheum Dis 2023;26(8):1579-81. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    50. Juszczak B, Sułko J. Patient-reported effectiveness and safety of Pamidronate in NSAIDs-refractory chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis in children. Rheumatol Int 2022;42(4):699-706. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    51. Bustamante J, Murias S, Enriquez E, Alcobendas R, Remesal A, De Inocencio J. Biological therapy in refractory chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis: A case series of 19 patients. Joint Bone Spine 2021;88(2):105120. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    52. Giovannelli E, Iacono A, Sprocati M. [Chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis: description of three pediatric cases.]. Recenti Prog Med 2021;112(7):532-7.
    53. Karunaratne YG, Davies J, Carty CP, Graham D. Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis of the Hand: A Rare Pediatric Condition. Hand (N Y). 2021;16(2):213-22. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    54. Panwar J, Tolend M, Lim L, Tse SM, Doria AS, Laxer RM, Stimec J. Whole-body MRI Quantification for Assessment of Bone Lesions in Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis Patients Treated With Pamidronate: A Prevalence, Reproducibility, and Responsiveness Study. J Rheumatol 2021;48(5):751-9. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    55. Ferrara G, Insalaco A, Pardeo M, Cattalini M, La Torre F, Finetti M, Ricci F, Alizzi C, Teruzzi B, Simonini G, Messia V, Pastore S, Morra L, Cimaz R, Gattorno M, Taddio A. Prevalence of cranial involvement in a cohort of Italian patients with chronic non-bacterial osteomyelitis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2020;38(2):366-9. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    56. Gaal A, Basiaga ML, Zhao Y, Egbert M. Pediatric chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis of the mandible: Seattle Children's hospital 22-patient experience. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2020;18(1):4. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    57. Kaneko S, Shimizu M, Inoue N, Mizuta M, Yachie A. Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis with myositis: A case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Int 2020;62(5):644-5. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    58. Andreasen CM, Jurik AG, Glerup MB, Høst C, Mahler BT, Hauge E-M, Herlin T. Response to Early-onset Pamidronate Treatment in Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis: A Retrospective Single-center Study. J Rheumatol 2019;46(11):1515-23. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    59. Sağ E, Sönmez HE, Demir S, Bilginer Y, Ergen FB, Aydingöz Ü, Özen S. Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis in children: a single center experience over five years. Turk J Pediatr 2019;61(3):386-91.
    60. Sułko J, Ebisz M, Bień S, Błażkiewicz M, Jurczyk M, Namy¶lak M. Treatment of chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis with bisphosphonates in children. Joint Bone Spine 2019;86(6):783-8. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    61. Ariza Jiménez AB, Núñez Cuadros E, Galindo Zavala R, Núñez Caro L, Díaz-Cordobés Rego G, Urda Cardona A. Recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis in children: Experience in a tertiary care center. Reumatol Clin (Engl Ed.) 2018;14(6):334-8. Go to original source...
    62. Metz J, Holjar-Erlic I, Kelly A, Ramanan AV. Think about the "C" (in custard and crackers). Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed 2018;103(6):304-6.
    63. Tronconi E, Miniaci A, Baldazzi M, Greco L, Pession A. Biologic treatment for chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis: report of four cases and review of the literature. Rheumatol Int 2018;38(1):153-60. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    64. Hirano D, Chiba K, Yamada S, Ida H. Oral alendronate in pediatric chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis. Pediatr Int 2017;59(4):506-8. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    65. Barral Mena E, Freire Gómez X, Enríquez Merayo E, Casado Picón R, Bello Gutierrez P, de Inocencio Arocena J. [Non-bacterial chronic osteomyelitis: Experience in a tertiary hospital]. An Pediatr (Barc) 2016;85(1):18-25. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    66. Pastore S, Ferrara G, Monasta L, Meini A, Cattalini M, Martino S, Alessio M, La Torre F, Teruzzi B, Gerloni V, Breda L, Taddio A, Lepore L. Chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis may be associated with renal disease and bisphosphonates are a good option for the majority of patients. Acta Paediatr 2016;105(7):e328-33. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    67. Kaiser D, Bolt I, Hofer M, Relly C, Berthet G, Bolz D, Saurenmann T. Chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis in children: a retrospective multicenter study. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2015;13:25. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    68. Wipff J, Costantino F, Lemelle I, Pajot C, Duquesne A, Lorrot M, Faye A, Bader-Meunier B, Brochard K, Despert V, Jean S, Grall-Lerosey M, Marot Y, Nouar D, Pagnier A, Quartier P, Job-Deslandre C. A large national cohort of French patients with chronic recurrent multifocal osteitis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015;67(4):1128-37. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    69. Ferraria N, Marques JG, Ramos F, Lopes G, Fonseca JE, Neves MC. Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis: case series of four patients treated with biphosphonates. Acta Reumatol Port 2014;39(1):38-45.
    70. Handly B, Moore M, Creutzberg G, Groh B, Mosher T. Bisphosphonate therapy for chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis. Skeletal Radiol 2013;42(12):1741-2, 1777-8. Go to original source...
    71. Schuller M, Franova J, Macku M. Pamidronate in CRMO - a small case series. Poster 20th PReS congress 2013, Ljubljana, abstract number 2229. Published in Pediatric Rheumatology 2013; 11(Suppl 2): P219. Go to original source...
    72. Ziobrowska-Bech A, Fiirgaard B, Heuck C, Ramsgaard Hansen O, Herlin T. Ten-year review of Danish children with chronic non-bacterial osteitis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2013;31(6):974-9.
    73. Al Hajry M, Al Jumaah S, Almayouf SM. Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis: a first report from Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med 2012;32(6):611-14. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    74. Kuijpers SCC, de Jong E, Hamdy NAT, van Merkesteyn JPR. Initial results of the treatment of diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis of the mandible with bisphosphonates. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2011;39(1):65-8. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    75. Catalano-Pons C, Comte A, Wipff J, Quartier P, Faye A, Gendrel D, Duquesne A, Cimaz R, Job-Deslandre C. Clinical outcome in children with chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis. Rheumatology 2008;47(9):1397-9. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    76. Simm PJ, Allen RC, Zacharin MR. Bisphosphonate treatment in chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis. J Pediatr 2008;152(4):571-5. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    77. Teruzzi B, Salmaso A, Gerloni V, Gattinara M, Pontikaki I, Fantini F. Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis (CRMO): four cases treated with aminobisphosphonate (pamidronate). Pediatr Rheumatol 2008, 6 (Suppl 1): P189. Go to original source...
    78. Compeyrot-Lacassagne S, Rosenberg AM, Babyn P, Laxer RM. Pamidronate treatment of chronic noninfectious inflammatory lesions of the mandible in children. J Rheumatol 2007;34(7):1585-9.
    79. Yamazaki Y, Satoh C, Ishikawa M, Notani K, Nomura K, Kitagawa Y. Remarkable response of juvenile diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis of mandible to pamidronate. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2007;104(1):67-71. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    80. Kerrison C, Davidson JE, Cleary AG, Beresford MW. Pamidronate in the treatment of childhood SAPHO syndrome. Rheumatology 2004;43(10):1246-51. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    81. Andreasen CM, Jurik AG, Deleuran BW, Horn HC, Folkmar TB, Herlin T, Hauge EM. Pamidronate in chronic non-bacterial osteomyelitis: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled pilot trial. Scand J Rheumatol 2020;49(4):312-22. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    82. Zhao Y, Chauvin NA, Jaramillo D, Burnham JM. Aggressive Therapy Reduces Disease Activity without Skeletal Damage Progression in Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis. J Rheumatol 2015;42(7):1245-51. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    83. Twilt M, Laxer RM. Clinical care of children with sterile bone inflammation. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2011;23(5):424-31. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    84. Chapurlat RD, Hugueny P, Delmas PD, Meunier PJ. Treatment of fibrous dysplasia of bone with intravenous pamidronate: long-term effectiveness and evaluation of predictors of response to treatment. Bone 2004;35(1):235-42. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    85. Toplak N, Frenkel J, Ozen S, Lachmann HJ, Woo P, Koné-Paut I, De Benedetti F, Neven B, Hofer M, Dolezalova P, Kümmerle-Deschner J, Touitou I, Hentgen V, Simon A, Girschick H, Rose C, Wouters C, Vesely R, Arostegui J, Stojanov S, Ozgodan H, Martini A, Ruperto N, Gattorno M; Paediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organisation (PRINTO), Eurotraps and Eurofever Projects. An international registry on autoinflammatory diseases: the Eurofever experience. Ann Rheum Dis 2012;71(7):1177-82. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


    Return to the content