Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 2019, 163(4):302-308 | DOI: 10.5507/bp.2019.032

Prognostic and predictive markers for perineural and bone invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma

Jaroslav Michaleka, Svetlana Brychtovaa, Richard Pinkb, Zdenek Dvorakc
a Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Czech Republic
b Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Olomouc, Czech Republic
c Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery of St. Anne`s University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a growing problem worldwide. Several biological and molecular criteria have been established for making a prognosis of OSCC. One of the most important factors affecting the risk of tumor recurrence and overall prognosis is perineural invasion and bone invasion. Perineural invasion is defined as a tumor spreading and the ability of tumor cells to penetrate around or through the nerve tissue. Perineural invasion can cause the tumor to spread to distant areas from the primary tumor location. One possible explanation for this is the formation of microenvironment in the perineural space which may contain cellular factors that act on both nerve tissue and some types of tumor tissues. Bone invasion by OSCC has major implications for tumor staging, choice of treatment, outcome and quality of life. Oral SCCs invade the mandibular or maxillary bone through an erosive, infiltrative or mixed pattern that correlates with clinical behavior. Bone resorption by osteoclasts is an important step in the process of bone invasion by oral SCCs. Some cytokines (e.g. TNFα and PTHrP) lead to receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) expression or osteoprotegerin (OPG) suppression in oral SCC cells and in cancer stromal cells to induce osteoclastogenesis. Oral SCCs provide a suitable microenvironment for osteoclastogenesis to regulate the balance of RANKL and OPG. A more molecular-based clinical staging and tailor-made therapy would benefit patients with bone invasion by OSCC.

Keywords: squamous cell carcinoma, oral cavity and oropharynx, bone invasion, perineural invasion

Received: April 16, 2019; Accepted: June 26, 2019; Prepublished online: August 21, 2019; Published: December 11, 2019  Show citation

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Michalek, J., Brychtova, S., Pink, R., & Dvorak, Z. (2019). Prognostic and predictive markers for perineural and bone invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Biomedical papers, 163(4), 302-308. doi: 10.5507/bp.2019.032
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