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This review explores novel insights into the use of biomarkers for traumatic brain injury (TBI) prognosis and management. By examining emerging evidence on neuronal injury, inflammation, extracellular vesicles and non-coding RNAs, it underscores their potential in predicting clinical outcomes such as recovery and cognitive impairment. The work bridges a critical gap between basic research and clinical application, offering a comprehensive perspective on advancing diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for TBI.

The authors included publications up to July 1, 2023. Five guidelines, 1 systematic review, and 2 expert consensuses were included. Twenty-four of the best levels were summarized. The evidence includes evaluation methods, risk management, preventive measures, health education and follow-up. This systematic review summarizes the latest evidence of the best level of EVRB prevention in liver cirrhosis. These are practical and can be used as reference for clinical and medical personnel.

The correct position of the intraocular lens and its stability in the capsular bag is crucial for the quality of the retinal image after cataract or refractive surgery. Although some tilt and decentration of the intraocular lens are common, greater extent of the tilt and decentration cause optical aberrations which have a negative impact on patients' visual comfort. The purpose of the article was to describe a new dynamic Purkinje-meter, an experimental method for intraocular lens position measurement based on the analysis of Purkinje images which could have a wider use than the existing static Purkinje-meters. The method was verified on a group of pseudophakic eyes: the values of decentration and tilt measured on the dynamic Purkinje-meter were comparable to those from commercially available anterior segment optical coherence tomography CASIA2.

This is a comprehensive overview of our current knowledge on telomeres and their maintenance in the most common adult hematological malignancies.

Brain function could be influenced by probiotics through gut microbiota. For the first time, the effect of probiotics was assessed by monitoring the concentrations of the neurodegeneration biomarker neurofilament light chains (NfL) in a well-defined group of community-dwelling individuals. A three-month intervention with original probiotics was not reflected in a reduction of serum NfL concentrations. Monitoring serum NfL concentrations did not show significant axonal degeneration at a three-month interval in community-dwelling elderly without probiotic intervention.

This paper describes the morphological characteristics of tumour chondrocytes with target-like appearance observed in limited amount in some benign and malignant cartilage-forming tumours. Such cells were surrounded with thick APAS and collagen VI positive pericellular rings that were composed of microfibrillar and dense amorphous material during electron microscopic examination. In one case these cells formed the majority of the cell population and histological pattern of chondrosarcoma was completely modified. The authors propose the name "cartilage-forming tumour with target-like chondrocytes" for such neoplasm.

This review article provides current insights into the causes, mechanism, preventive and management strategies of SCD. It points out the gaps in our knowledge, especially risk stratification and it describes current research trends.

Approximately one in ten patients with chronic pancreatitis have primary painless disease with the major being attributed to an idiopathic etiology. Knowledge of the prominent symptoms is important for diagnosis – these patients may have any combination of pancreatic steatorrhea, diabetes mellitus, pancreatic calcifications and unclear loss of body-weight. Even if the incidence of this form of chronic pancreatitis is relatively low, early diagnosis is paramount.  Further research on this patient population is necessary.

To the best of the authors‘ knowledge, there has been so far no investigation on any association between the systemic immune-inflammatory index and left atrial appendage thrombus in non-valvular atrial fibrillation.

Various studies have examined the therapeutic value of periradicular infiltration using treatments consisting of local anesthetic and corticosteroids or ozone application for radicular pain but this is to our knowledge the first study that statistically compares the treatment effect of different types of corticosteroids and ozone.

The authors review lipid changes in pregnancy. The text focuses on pregnancies with gestational diabetes. Gestational dyslipidaemia is thought to be a key driver of foetal outcome.

Ampullary duodenal/intestinal adenocarcinomas (ADAC) are smaller than non-ampullary forms (NADAC), with a higher rate of lymph node metastases, but with a better prognosis and longer-term outcome in the described cohort. Oral location of non-ampullary forms is associated with worse OS. Perineural invasion and postoperative oncological therapy were significant prognostic factors for OS in the ADAC, but the total number of lymph nodes and lymph node ratio were most significant for disease free survival in the NADAC patients. To our knowledge, this is the only retrospective observational cohort study on duodenal adenocarcinomas in the Czech Republic and probably Central Europe.

This review opens up new perspectives for the treatment of IBD and CRC. In particular, the use of EVs derived from the intestinal microbiota could represent an innovative, safe and effective therapeutic strategy, as an adjuvant therapy for these pathologies.

Study of the tear and ocular tissue metabolome may help us understand the metabolism of normal ocular tissues and mechanisms in disease, to discover inter-individual variations within the ocular environment and, thus improve diagnosis and prognosis. Metabolomic profiling of tear, aqueous humor and vitreous samples is useful for identifying biomarkers for more precise diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy.

Identifying infants and toddlers with abusive head trauma is challenging. Finding any evidence of trauma in these children is therefore very important. Dedicated skeletal radiographs of the whole skeleton should be performed in all children younger than two years evaluated for possible abuse. Our study showed that dedicated skeletal radiographs were only performed in 62% of children younger than two years evaluated for suspected abusive head trauma. Clinically occult fractures were revealed in 31% of these children. Moreover, the majority of these fractures had high specificity for abuse. Attention should be paid to increasing awareness of child abuse imaging protocols.

The last decade has seen the development of new procedures and technologies that have the potential to reverse the unfavourable prognosis of patients after OHCA. The early availability of AEDs in remote or sparsely populated destinations can be solved by deploying drones as AED carriers. Dispatchers will be able during an incoming emergency call to rely on the support of machine learning models or videocalls from the scene. The use of ECMO in patients after cardiac arrest is already an introduced method in the early in-hospital phase, and there are promising partial results from the pre-hospital area. The definition of input criteria for each method is a key factor in the misuse of forces and means and is a prerequisite to increasing the percentage of survival of OHCA with good neurological status.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has evolved significantly from its early concepts in the 1950s to today's advanced large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT. This technology has the potential to revolutionize gastroenterology, including diagnosis, treatment, education, and decision-making support. The benefits to gastroenterology include accelerating diagnosis and treatment, providing personalized care, enhancing education, aiding decision-making, and improving patient communication. However, challenges like limited AI capability, biased data, errors, security and privacy concerns, and costs must be addressed. The future of LLMs in gastroenterology depends on processing large quantities of data, identifying patterns, and assisting in personalized treatment plans. Collaboration between AI developers, healthcare professionals, and regulatory bodies is essential for responsible use, ensuring LLMs support doctors and contribute to better patient care.

This is a retrospective one tertiary centre study which investigated the humoral and cellular immunity reconstitution and clinical impact of chemotherapeutic protocols that included a single rituximab dose in children and adolescents treated for non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. The proportion of IgG, IgM, and IgA hypogammaglobulinemia decreased over the follow-up period. The median for B cell reconstitution was 3 months after the end of lymphoma treatment. Transitional B lymphocyte subsets dominated at the time of B cell subset reconstitution. No secondary antibody deficiency needing immunoglobulin replacement therapy was found.

Multiple sclerosis treatment strategies are changing in the Czech Republic. According to data from 2013-2021, the proportion of patients starting high-efficacy disease-modifying therapies is increasing. These findings come from the Czech National Multiple Sclerosis Registry ReMuS which provides a quality source of data for not only scientific publications, but national regulatory authorities as well. Its outputs offer feedback and a means for improving the management of multiple sclerosis in the future.

The communication on pemphigoid gestationis is of paramount importance not only because of the need to report such a serious disease in a professional journal, but also as a recommendation for possible treatment of this rare condition in pregnancy which a large number physicians and especially obstetricians may not encounter in their entire careers. As with other diseases, early and accurate diagnosis and subsequent early therapy is of primary importance, to obviate major deterioration in the condition, the risk to the pregnant woman and the fetus, and to the newborn after delivery.

Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) activity is not only restricted to the inhibition of intravascular fibrinolysis but is also important in a vast number of tissue remodeling processes that involve cell motility and interactions with extracellular matrix. The study summarizes current knowledge and describes in details possible relations of PAI-1 with local humoral and cellular determinants of stromal remodeling during physiological as well as pathological processes (atherosclerosis, tissue fibrosis, pregnancy related complications, cancer metastasis).

XGJZ-containing serum was obtained from obese rats treated with the XGJZ formula. The authors confirmed that XGJZ-containing serum can inhibit the differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes, reduce the expression of lipogenic transcription factors, lipid accumulation, and lipid metabolism-related enzyme activity in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes, thereby improving the risk of obesity and obesity-related diseases. It provides evidence for the mechanism of obesity

This research study was focused on changes in DNA methylation in specific tumor supressor genes in endometrial hyperplasia. The authors performed a retrospective study of endometrial tissue of 164 patients treated in their department from 2007 to 2014 dividing them into three subsets: atypical hyperplasia, hyperplasia without atypia and a control group with normal endometrial tissue. 25 selected genes using the methylation-specific multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MS-MLPA) probe set were tested. Differences in DNA methylation among the groups were found in PTEN, CDH13, and MSH6 promoters. These genes appear to be involved in different stages of the development of endometrial hyperplasia.

Medication poisoning in children is one of the severe conditions that can endanger a child's life. We examined the demographic and clinical data of children admitted to the Department of Pediatrics of the University Hospital Olomouc for acute drug-induced intoxication between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2019. From the results and determination of the two most common age groups, we need to understand drugs from several perspectives. To young children, medicines, especially colored ones, are perceived as attractive-looking. For older children and adolescents, medication can be an unfortunate way out of their difficulties. Medicines should be kept out of the reach of children and parents should educate their children.

Most pregnant women are offered a routine ultrasound scan during the second trimester of pregnancy in order to detect fetal anomalies. In some cases, an anomaly suspected by ultrasound requires referral for a fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination in order to clarify the diagnosis. In this study a large series of such referrals was assessed, accounting for one in six women with a fetal anomaly on ultrasound. In general, the MRI findings supported the scan results but this varied according to the type of anomaly. This concordance was very high for anomalies of the urinary tract and face.

This study breaks new ground by investigating Tibolone’s potential as a therapeutic agent in sepsis-induced acute kidney injury (AKI), an area largely unexplored previously. By delving into Tibolone’s effects on biomarkers like SIRT1 and YAP, as well as its impact on inflammatory and oxidative processes, it sheds light on its promising role in mitigating renal damage. The findings underscore Tibolone’s potential as a novel intervention for sepsis-associated AKI, urging further research for translational application in clinical settings.

This study is the first to investigate chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) immunogenetic features and clonality in the context of epidemiological data. The authors report potential associations suggesting the influence of certain health and social conditions on a number of clonal populations expanding in CLL and also on characteristic B cell receptor features, especially stereotypy.

Venous anastomosis closure of arteriovenous graft (AVG) for hemodialysis leads to complete closure of AVG and loss of funtion. This article summarizes the evolution of the treatment of this complication. Currently preferred are endovascular and hybrid procedures.

In this study, the authors sought to find an endothelial substance that has significantly different plasmatic concentration in persons with incipient essential hypertension compared to healthy individuals. This substance has been shown to be nitric oxide (NO), the major endothelial vasodilator. The authors further showed that the plasmatic concentration of NO does not change even after the initiation of intensive antihypertensive treatment and also that endothelial dysfunction cannot be assessed by determining the level of one or more endothelial substances due to very complex interactions of individual substances and the large number of individual modifying factors.

Quercetin is a widely distributed compound isolated from plants and is one of the most abundant dietary flavonoids. It is able to modulate expression of miRNA, many of which are recognized as oncogenic or tumor suppressor miRNAs. This review is a critical evaluation of recent research on miRNAs modulated by quercetin.