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Bone is the second most commonly transplanted tissue. For large-scale bone injuries, it is necessary to use optimal bone replacements, often made of titanium or titanium alloys. Insufficient healing can lead to serious complications. The surface of a titanium implant needs to be treated to increase its roughness. This will improve cell adhesion and following implant osseointegration. In this review, the authors explain and compare methods currently used for treating titanium implants aimed at improving the bone-implant contact and reducing the risk of complications.

This review covers information on pulmonary aluminosis, a rare condition occurring in relation to occupational exposure to aluminium-containing dust. Various sources of exposure including specific types of aluminium compounds are described with respect to the development of knowledge on pulmonary aluminosis. The importance of prevention and exposure monitoring is emphasized.

The article provides an up-to-date overview of the current awareness of a new type of coronavirus. It is introduced with current information on the course of COVID-19 infections. The authors further offer recommendations on how to proceed with possible modification of immunomodulatory therapy in multiple sclerosis in the light of COVID-19 infection, since it is more difficult for physicians to recommend appropriate therapy if a patient develops COVID-19, especially if the patient is also suffering from another disease that may be exacerbated by a new type of coronavirus.

COVID-19 can alter adrenal gland function by multiple mechanisms. And also, it is predicted that there may be a critical illness-related change in the pharmacokinetics of glucocorticoids in COVID-19 infection. These effects should be taken into account when using glucocorticoids in COVID-19 patients with or without previously known adrenal insufficiency. In patients with adrenal insufficiency, a more dynamic approach and close follow-up are required for glucocorticoid replacement in patients with COVID-19.

The study followed a cohort of patients in the immediate days after stroke to assess the frequency of post-stroke spasticity (PSS) and to identify potential risk factors for PSS development. Better understanding of the evolution of the disorder along with identification of PSS risk factors could lead to earlier treatment and better outcomes. Knowledge of the epidemiology of PSS in Czech Stroke Centers should help with aftercare organization.

The subject, visceral fat and insulin resistance in obese patients is topical and much published. This review covers current knowledge of the subject complemented by an original table and two pictures that have not been published anywhere. The paragraph "Conclusions and future directions" is also unique because these solutions have not been proposed to date.

Macrophages play a crucial role in the development of chronic inflammation changes in obese adipose tissue. This is a review of current knowledge of importance macrophages M1/M2 polarization in this process.

Radiation therapy is rapidly evolving and modern techniques such as deep-inspiration breath hold and stereotactic radiotherapy are often time consuming. This is the first study investigating the time factor associated with different forms of DIBH. The authors show that audio-visual navigation significantly reduces the treatment time.

It is important to perform a postmortem examination to confirm the diagnosis in case of termination of pregnancy due to congenital heart defect. A postmortem examination of an aborted fetus is an important tool to assess the quality and accuracy of the work by prenatal sonographers.

The authors of this study tried to determine if CETP gene polymorphisms had any associations with PA. They found that rs708272 genotype G/A could be linked to a decreased risk of the PA

MRI/TRUS fusion targeted biopsy in combination with systematic biopsy had significantly higher detection rates than systematic biopsy in the rebiopsy group only. Differences in detection rates between examiners are dependent on the level of previous experience with TRUS guided biopsy.

Congenital ichthyoses are a very heterogeneous group of more than 20 diseases manifested by very dry, rough and scaling skin. They belong into a group of rare diseases - keratodermies. The heredity is generally autosomal dominant or X-linked recessive but autosomal recessive (AR). Currently, the diagnosis of congenital ichthyoses is based on molecular analysis, which also allows complete genetic counseling and genetic prevention. With the molecular analysis of DNA, pathogenic mutations can be identified and a prognosis of the ichthyosis can be made.

A rare case of MDR3 disease caused by two novel pathogenic mutations in ABCB4 in a young male with biochemically impaired copper metabolism mimicking Wilson disease is reported. The value of hepatic copper content (1867 µg/g dry weight) on the background of ABCB4 deficiency is the highest recorded so far.

A prospective, randomized, double-blinded and controlled study compared non-leaching central venous catheter (Certofix® protect) with a standard catheter (Certofix®). There was no difference for catheter colonization rates between the coated and uncoated catheter. However, the coated central venous catheter showed a significantly lower incidence of bloodstream infections and a significantly lower mean incidence of bloodstream infections per 1000 catheter days.

The negative effect of UVA radiation on the skin has long been ignored. There is now clear evidence that UVA causes indirect damage to biomolecules, which is associated with premature skin aging and increased incidence of skin cancer. The use of phytochemicals and plant extracts is a popular strategy in UVA photoprotection. In this review only well-documented studies on 17 selected plant extracts and 26 pure compounds are covered.

In this study, the authors derived a risk score for prediction of persistence of perfusion defects after pulmonary embolism (PE). Based on a long-term follow up of 83 patients after PE, three risk groups were identified according to the level of hemoglobin and age at the time of PE.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in elderly individuals in developed countries. The etiology of AMD is thought to be multifactorial, including environmental and genetic factors. Macular degenerative changes occur due to the formation of drusen, about 40% of which is lipids. As the CYP2J2 gene is involved in the metabolism of lipids, it was selected for investigation in this study. The results revealed that the CYP2J2 (-76G>T) TT genotype may be associated with reduced manifestation of early stage AMD. A larger sample is required for further analysis.

The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of the Pleuralvent™ device and classic chest tube, in which the clinical data in the treatment of iatrogenic pneumothorax were lacking. According to the results of the study, the use of the Pleuralvent™ device could become the new standard in the treatment of iatrogenic pneumothorax.

The article describes the consequences of altered microRNA expression levels in NSCLC tissues and cells through affecting target genes in various signaling pathways. The authors summarise the relevant literature, outlining how such pathological dysregulation can lead to metastatic spread to brain, lymph nodes and bones. In conclusion, they propose a possible function of microRNAs as a predictor of the site of NSCLC metastasis.

Dysfunction of renal mitochondria can be observed in the pathogenesis of a number of renal disorders. Proteomic methods are used for analysis of mitochondrial proteins and protein complexes in animal kidney models and humans in the course of various pathological states. Proteomics of renal mitochondria are useful for understanding pathology and discovering potential targets for therapy.

In the severe stages of dry eye disease, tear production is insufficient to maintain the health of the front surface of the eye and to enable clear vision. Therapeutic options on suppressing of apoptosis and inflammation are l limited and require further research. This study focuses on the effect of autologous serum treatment by assessing the level of ocular surface apoptosis and treatment outcome.

This review outlines the role of hybrid SPECT/CT imaging as a powerful modality for skeletal and nodal staging in breast cancer patients with a major impact on therapy. Development of new generation SPECT/CT systems and their introduction into practice has changed the old diagnostic algorithm.

The authors present recent information on important opportunistic BK virus infection that is responsible for the considerable percentage of kidney transplant failuresm, often in the first year. Despite the relatively good knowledge of epidemiology, pathogenesis and risk factors of its origin, the screening, prophylactic and especially therapeutic procedures for active BK virus replication or BK virus nephropathy are still not clearly defined. The paper discusses inconsistent strategies in the management of this infectious complication, refers to ongoing studies, the experiences of the authors and outlines future prophylactic and therapeutic options including retransplantation in these patients.

This study examines the clinical utility of magnetic resonance imaging as part of diagnostic procedures on autism. The key finding of the study was that corpus callosum hypoplasia was significantly more common in the autistic compared to the control group (13.7 vs. 0%), and it appears to be the rather specific finding, which should raise suspicion of autism.

The authors present a study comparing the strategy of early and standard discharge in selected patients after myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation (STEMI). The results show the possibility and safety of a length of hospital stay of 48-72 h and further support the recently released new version of ESC guidelines for STEMI in terms of the level of evidence for the strategy with the shorter recommended length of hospital stay.

The HOMA1-IR index is the most frequently proposed indirect index of insulin resistance assessment in clinical and laboratory practice, and its use is also widespread in epidemiological studies. There is a justified need to set reference intervals for indirect insulin resistance indicators for particular populations, ethnic groups, etc. in order to reliably diagnose insulin resistance and increase metabolic disease prevention. When defining reference intervals, various limitations should be taken into account, primarily analytical and pre-analytical ones and differences between populations.

Congenital heart defects represent the most frequent congenital defects in the human population, while one third of these cases are associated with further genetic or extra-cardiac morphological anomalies. This association must be carefully taken into consideration in the prenatal counselling.

21^st–22^nd June, 2018. Organized by the Department of Human Genetics Faculty of Medicine University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

The aim of this paper was to evaluate the intraocular pressure during the basic phases of standard, real cataract surgery using phacoemulsification. As far as the authors have been able to determine, no study evaluating the fluctuation of the intraocular pressure during standard cataract surgery has yet been published. High values of intraoperative IOL may endanger intraocular perfusion.

In this pilot study, the authors are the first to assess the genetic architecture of recent-onset dilated cardiomyopathy in 83 individuals from the region of Moravia in the Czech Republic by whole-exome sequencing (WES). WES detected at least one disease-related variant in 54% of patients, highlight the genetic origin of the disease. Individuals with disease-related variants of non-titin genes showed impaired left ventricular reverse remodelling, a marker of poor prognosis, at 12-month follow-up compared to individuals with no genetic cause.