Biomed. Papers 147(1), 37-41 (2003) | DOI: 10.5507/bp.2003.005

PATHOBIOLOGY OF ANDROGENETIC ALOPECIA

Michala Fiuráškováa, Renata Kučerováb, Zdeněk Kolářa
a Institute of Pathology, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc 775 15, Czech Republic
b Clinic of Dermatovenereology, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty Hospital, I. P. Pavlova 6, 775 20, Czech Republic

Human hair morphogenesis is a dynamic process caused by the remodelling of the skin. Hair growth is cyclic in mammals consisting of three distinct stages: an active stage (anagen), a regressive stage (catagen), and a resting stage (telogen). One disorder in this process is gradual balding of the scalp called androgenetic alopecia. Little is known about the cell biological or molecular mechanisms involved and thus very little treatment is currently available. In this review we focus on the most significant parameters affecting hair growth which participate in baldness.

Keywords: Androgenetic alopecia, Hair-growth cycle, Androgens 5α-Reductase, β-Catenin, p63

Received: May 20, 2003; Published: November 1, 2003  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Fiurášková, M., Kučerová, R., & Kolář, Z. (2003). PATHOBIOLOGY OF ANDROGENETIC ALOPECIA. Biomedical papers147(1), 37-41. doi: 10.5507/bp.2003.005
Download citation

References

  1. Asada Y, Sonoda T, Ojiro M, Kurata S, Sato T, Ezaki T, Takayasu S. (2001) 5-reductase type 2 is constitutively expressed in the dermal papilla and connective tissue sheath of the hair follicle in vivo but not during culture in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86, 2875-80. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  2. Kealey T, Philpott M, Guy R. (1997) The regulatory biology of the human pilosebaceous unit. Baillieres Clin Obst Gynaecol 11, 205-27. Go to original source...
  3. Hardy MH. (1992) The secret live of the hair follicle. Trends Genet 8, 55-61. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  4. Gat U, DasGupta R, Degenstein L, Fuchs E. (1998) De novo hair follicle morphogenesis and hair tumors in mice expressing a truncated beta-catenin in skin. Cell 95, 605-14. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  5. Holbrook KA, Minami SI. (1991) Hair follicle embryogenesis in the human. Characterization of events in vivo and in vitro. Ann N Y Acad Sci 642, 167-96. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  6. Huelsken J, Vogel R, Erdmann B, Cotsarelis G, Birchmeier W. (2001) -catenin controls hair follicle morphogenesis and stem cell differation in the skin. Cell 105, 533-45. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  7. Panteleyev AA, Jahoda CAB, Christiano AM. (2001) Hair follicle predetermination. J Cell Sci 114, 3419-31. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  8. Jarrousse F, Boisnic S, Branchet MC, Beranger JY, Godeau G, Breton L, Bernard BA, Mahé Y. (2001) Identification of clustered cells in human hair follicle responsible for MMP-9 gelatinolytic activity: consequences for the regulation of hair growth. Int J Dermatol 4, 385-92. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  9. Bull JJ, Müller-Röver S, Patel SV, Chronnell CMT, McKay IA, Philpott MP. (2001) Contrasting localization of c-Myc with other Myc superfamily transcription factors in the human hair follicle and during the hair growth cycle. J Invest Dermatol 116, 617-22. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  10. Polakowska RR, Piacentini M, Bartlett R, Goldsmith LA, Haake AR. (1994) Apoptosis in human skin development: morphogenesis, periderm, and stem cells. Dev Dyn 3, 176-88. Go to original source...
  11. Soma T, Ogo M. (1998) Analysis of apoptotic cell death in human hair follicles in vivo and in vitro. J Invest Dermatol 111, 948-54. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  12. Kligman AM. (1961) Pathological dynamics of human hair loss. 1. Telogen effluvium. Arch Dermatol 83, 175-98. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  13. Trüeb RM. (2002) Molecular mechanisms of androgenetic alopecia. Exp Gerontol 37, 981-90. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  14. Randall VA, Hibberts NA, Hamada K. (1996) A comparison of the culture and growth of dermal papilla cells from hair follicles from non-balding and balding (androgenetic alopecia) scalp. Brit J Dermatol 134, 437-44. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  15. Hamilton JB. (1951) Patterned loss of human hair. Ann N Y Acad Sci 53, 708-28. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  16. Braun O, Plewig G, Wolf HH, Winkelmann RK. Androgenetic Male Alopecia in: Dermatology (ed.). Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1991. p. 772-3.
  17. Norwood OT. (1975) Male pattern baldness: classification and incidence. South Med J 11, 1359-65. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  18. Thornton MJ, Hamada K, Messenger AG, Randall VA. (1998) Androgen-dependent beard dermal papilla cells secrete autocrine growth factor(s) in response to testosterone unlike scalp cells. J Invest Dermatol 11, 727-32. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  19. Sovak M. (2000) BP-766, a novel cosmetic agent for treatment of androgenic effluvium and alopecia. BP-766 Summary
  20. Alesci S, Bornstein SR. (2000) Neuroimmunoregulation of androgens in the adrenal gland and the skin. Horm Res 54, 281-6. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  21. Guarna A, Machetti F, Occhiato EG, Scarpi D. (2000) Benzo[ c]quinolizin-3-ones: A novel class of potent and selective nonsteroidal inhibitors of human steroid 5-reductase 1. J Med Chem 43, 3718-35. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  22. Wilson JD, Griffin JE, Russell DW. (1993) Steroid 5-reductase 2 deficiency. Endocr Rev 14, 577-92. Go to original source...
  23. Chen W, Zouboulis CC, Orfanos CE. (1996) The 5 alpha-reductase system and its inhibitors. Recent development and its perspective in treating androgen-dependent skin disorders. Dermatology 3, 177-84. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  24. Itami S, Kurata S, Takayasu S. (1990) 5-reductase activity in cultured human dermal papilla from beard compared with reticular dermal fibroblasts. J Invest Dermatol 1, 150-2. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  25. Cowper SE, Rosenberg AS, Morgan MB. (2002) An investigation of apoptosis in androgenetic alopecia. Am J Dermatopathol 3, 204-8. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  26. Messenger AG. (1993): The control of hair growth: an overview. J Invest Dermatol 101, 4S-9S. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  27. Sawaya ME, Keane RW, Blume-Peytavi U, Mullins DL, Nusbaum BP, Whiting D, Nicholson DW. (2001) Androgen responsive genes as they affect hair growth. Eur J Dermatol 11, 304-8.
  28. Schweikert HU, Wilson JD. (1974) Regulation of human hair growth by steroid hormones II. Androstenedione metabolism in isolated hairs. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 6, 1012-19. Go to original source...
  29. Hibberts NA, Howell AE, Randall VA. (1998) Balding hair follicle dermal papilla cells contain higher levels of androgen receptors that those from non-balding scalp. J Endocrinol 156, 59-65. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  30. Lachgar S, Charveton M, Sarraute J, Mourard M, Gall Y. (1999) In vitro main pathways of steroid action in cultured hair follicle cells: vascular approach. J Invest Dermatol Symp Proc 4, 290-5. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  31. Ando Y, Yamaguchi Y, Hamada K, Yoshikawa K, Itami S. (1999) Expresion of mRNA for androgen receptor, 5-reductase and 17-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in human dermal papilla cells. Br J Dermatol 141, 840-5. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  32. Sato T, Tadokoro T, Sonoda T, Asada Y, Itami S, Takayasu S. (1999) Minoxidil increases 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 5 alpha-reductase activity of cultured human dermal papilla cells from balding scalp. J Derm Sci 19, 123-5. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  33. Obana A, Chang Ch, Uno H. (1997) Inhibition of hair growth by testosterone in the presence of dermal papilla cells from the frontal bald scalp of the postpubertal stumptailed macaque. Endocrinology 138, 356-61. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  34. Sawaya ME, Price VH. (1997) Different levels of 5-reductase type I and II, aromatase, and androgen receptor in hair follicles of women and men with androgenic alopecia. J Invest Dermatol 109, 296-300. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  35. Sawaya ME, Shalita AR. (1998) Androgen receptor polymorphisms (CAG repeat lengths) in androgenic alopecia, hirsutism, and acne. J Cutaneous Med Surg 3, 9-15. Go to original source...
  36. Calvo RM, Asuntion M, Sancho J, San Millan JL, Escobar- -Morreale HF. (2000) The role of the CAG repeat polymorphism in the androgen receptor gene and of skewed X-chromosome inactivation, in the pathogenesis of hirsutism. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 85, 1735-40. Go to original source...
  37. Singh SM, Gauthier S, Labrie F. (2000) Androgen receptor antagonists (antiandrogens): Structure-activity relationships. Curr Med Chem 2, 211-47. Go to original source...
  38. Ridanpää M, Fodde R, Kielman M. (2001) Dynamic expression and nuclear accumulation of -catenin during the development of hair follicle-derived structures. Mech Dev 109, 173-181. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  39. Gat U, DasGupta R, Degenstein L, Fuchs E. (1998) De novo hair follicle morphogenesis and hair tumors in mice expressing a truncated beta-catenin in skin. Cell 95, 605-14. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  40. Behrens J, von Kries JP, Kuhl M, Bruhn L, Wedlich D, Grosschedl R, Birchmeier W. (1996) Functional interaction of beta-catenin with the transcription factor LEF-1. Nature 382, 638-42. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  41. Molenaar M, van de Wetering M, Oosterwegel M, Peterson- Maduro J, Godsave S, Korinek V, Roose J, Destree O, Clevers H. (1996) XTcf-3 transcription factor mediates beta-catenin-induced axis formation in Xenopus embryos. Cell 86, 391-9. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  42. Testu O, McCormick F. (1999) Beta-catenin regulates expression of cyklin D1 in colon carcinoma cells. Nature 398, 422-6. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  43. Mills AA, Zheng B, Wang XJ, Vogel H, Roop DR, Bradley A. (1999) p63 is a p53 homologue required for limb and epidermal morphogenesis. Nature 398, 708-13. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  44. Yang A, Schweitzer R, Sun D, Kaghad M, Walker N, Bronson RT, Tabin C, Sharpe A, Caput D, Crum C, McKeon F. (1999) p63 is essential for regenerative proliferation in limb, craniofacial and epithelial development. Nature 398, 714-8. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  45. Little NA, Jochemsen AG. (2001) p63. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 34, 6-9. Go to original source...