Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. X:X | DOI: 10.5507/bp.2025.009

Mitochondria in focus: From structure and function to their role in human diseases. A review

Daniel Follprecht1, Jakub Vavricka1, Viktorie Johankova1, Pavel Broz1, 2, Ales Krouzecky1
1 Department of Sports Medicine and Active Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
2 Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Hematology, University Hospital in Pilsen, Pilsen, Czech Republic

Mitochondria, double-membraned organelles within all eukaryotic cells, are essential for the proper functioning of the human organism. The frequently used phrase "powerhouses of the cell" fails to adequately capture their multifaceted roles. In addition to producing energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate through oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondria are also involved in apoptosis (programmed cell death), calcium regulation, and signaling through reactive oxygen species. Recent research suggests that they can communicate with one another and influence cellular processes. Impaired mitochondrial function on the one hand, can have widespread and profound effects on cellular and organismal health, contributing to various diseases and age-related conditions. Regular exercise on the other hand, promotes mitochondrial health by enhancing their volume, density, and functionality. Although research has made significant progress in the last few decades, mainly through the use of modern technologies, there is still a need to intensify research efforts in this field. Exploring new approaches to enhance mitochondrial health could potentially impact longevity. In this review, we focus on mitochondrial research and discoveries, examine the structure and diverse roles of mitochondria in the human body, explore their influence on energy metabolism and cellular signaling and emphasize their importance in maintaining overall health.

Keywords: mitochondria, oxidative phosphorylation, reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial function, mitochondrial disease

Received: December 3, 2024; Revised: March 10, 2025; Accepted: March 19, 2025; Prepublished online: April 14, 2025 

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