Prevalence and Clinical Significance of Liver Function Abnormalities in Patients with Acute Heart Failure

Aims. Liver pathology caused by cardiac dysfunction is relatively well recognized, however, its clinical importance has not been fully evaluated. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of liver function tests (LFTs) abnormalities and to identify associated factors mediating hepatic impairment in patients with acute heart failure (AHF). Methods. The AHEAD (Acute Heart Failure Database) registry is a database conducted in 9 university hospitals and 5 regional health care facilities in the Czech Republic. From December 2004 to October 2012, the data of 8818 patients were included. The inclusion criteria for the database followed the European guidelines for AHF. Serum activities of all LFTs and total bilirubin were available in 1473 patients at the baseline. Results. In patients with AHF, abnormal LFTs were seen in 76% patients (total bilirubin in 34%, γ-glutamyltransferase in 44%, alkaline phosphatase in 20%, aspartate aminotransferase in 42%, alanine aminotransferase in 35%). Patients with cardiogenic shock were more likely to have LFTs abnormalities compared to mild AHF and pulmonary oedema. LFTs abnormalities were strongly associated with AHF severity (left ventricular ejection fraction and NYHA functional class) and clinical manifestation. While hepatocellular LFTs pattern predominated in left sided forward AHF, choles-tatic profile occurred mainly in bilateral and right sided AHF. Additionally, patients with moderate to severe tricuspid regurgitation had significantly higher prevalence of abnormalities in cholestatic LFTs. Conclusions. Defining the LFTs profile typical for AHF plays an important role in management of AHF patients, since it may avoid redundant hepatic investigations and diagnostic misinterpretations.


INTRODUCTION
Mesothelioma is a highly aggressive form of cancer developing from mesothelial cells of serous membranes.It affects the pleura, peritoneum, pericardium, tunica vaginalis testis and ovarian surface epithelium.Histologically, it is classified into three types: epithelioid, sarcomatoid and mixed.Approximately 75-80% of mesothelioma cases develop in the pleural cavity, making it the most common primary pleural tumor.There are marked geographical variations in the incidence of mesothelioma 1 .The rates range from 7 cases per 1,000,000 population in Japan to 40 cases per 1,000,000 in Australia, with approximately 20 cases per 1,000,000 being reported in Europe 2,3 .There are also differences in incidence between males and females, with 10-66 cases and 1-2.5 cases per 1,000,000, respectively 4 .In the Czech Republic, the incidence of mesothelioma in 2005 was 8 cases per 1,000,000 males and 3 cases per 1,000,000 females 5 .Worldwide, it is estimated to cause 15,000-20,000 deaths each year 6 .The incidence has been increasing globally and the rates are expected to soar in the next 10-20 years [7][8][9][10] .
Exposure to asbestos, the main causative factor for pleural mesothelioma, is reported in 80-90% of patients and its negative impact has been known for over 50 years 11 .Asbestos is a fibrous type of metamorphosed silicate minerals, naturally occurring in two basic forms, serpentines and amphiboles, with higher carcinogenic potential.Exposure to asbestos is mainly occupational, with asbestos workers having a risk of developing the disease of 5-10% (ref. 7).Para-occupational exposure has been noted in family members sharing households with these workers 3 .The third group at risk is people living close to asbestos mines and asbestos manufacturing plants 12,13 .Other risk factors are simian virus 40, asbestos-like materials (erionite), deposition of alpha particles (ionizing radiation, Thorotrast) and as yet unexplained genetic abnormalities, as suggested by the existence of high-risk families in Turkey, Canada and the USA.Typically, there is a median delay between asbestos exposure and develop-ment of the disease of more than 40 years, ranging from less than 10 years to over 80 years 3,[14][15][16][17] .
Mesothelioma is very difficult to treat and its prognosis is rather poor; the survival is approximately 12 months from diagnosis 9,[18][19][20][21] .The advanced stages of the disease and sarcomatoid type of mesothelioma have worse prognosis 20,[22][23][24] .Recent data indicate median survival according to TNM classification for 21 months stage I, stage II 19 months, 16 months stage III and stage IV 12 months.According to histological type, then the median survival for the type epithelioid 19 months, biphasic 13 months, and sarcomatoid 8 months 25 .In the Czech Republic there are data available in patients treated with standard chemotherapy cisplatin + pemetrexed.Median survival for epithelioid type is 29.4 months, for sarcomatoid + biphasic type is 14.9 months.Stage I hasn't achieved median survival, 1-year survival rate is 93.3%, stage II-III have a median survival 29.4 months and 1-year survival rate 70.2% (ref. 26,27).The median survival rates are 5-9 months in palliative care, 10-16 months in chemotherapy and 20-24 months in small groups of patients undergoing radical surgery 2,9,28,29 .This is due to late diagnosis of advanced mesothelioma and relatively high resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy 30 .Early diagnosis of mesothelioma is thought to lead to prolonged survival and better prognosis of the patients.Currently, there is no mesothelioma marker routinely used in clinical practice 31 .In recent years, however, new biomarkers have been discovered, with mesothelin being the most promising one.
Mesothelin is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored glycoprotein expressed on mesothelial cells 32 .It results from a precursor mesothelin protein cleaved by furin-like protease and is also referred to as C-ERC/mesothelin (ref. 33).It performs numerous physiological functions in the organism 34 .It is overexpressed in many cancers; most frequently in mesothelioma, less frequently in ovarian, pancreatic and lung cancers (especially adenocarcinoma) and rarely in breast, colon, endometrial and kidney cancers and sarcoma [35][36][37][38][39][40] .In pleural biopsies, the immunohistochemical positivity of mesothelin has a sensitivity of 75-100% and specificity of 90% for pleural mesothelioma 38,41 .
In certain situations, mesothelin or its fragments are released into body fluids where it is detected as the so-called soluble mesothelin-related peptides (SMRP) (ref. 42,43).There are three variants of these proteins, with variant 1 being most common [44][45][46] .These result from proteolytic cleavage of a part of a mesothelin molecule, probably by the action of a phospholipase or protease or by gene mutation 47,48 .Increased SMRP levels are common in mesothelioma, especially epithelioid, less frequent in pancreatic, ovarian and lung cancers, and rare in other malignancies.SMRP may be mildly to moderately increased in benign cases such as those with asbestos exposure, arterial hypertension, congestive heart failure or renal insufficiency 36 .Serum SMRP levels may be affected by age, weight (body mass index < 25), high glucose levels, smoking and a history of malignancy or asbestos-related pleural involvement [49][50][51][52] .
Given the fact that asbestos is the main causative factor for mesothelioma and asbestos workers are the most threatened population group with a significantly increased risk for development of the disease, they are suitable for monitoring and examinations, including assessment of the clinical significance of mesothelin, in particular with respect to early detection of pleural mesothelioma.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The group comprised individuals with occupational exposure to asbestos followed up at the Department of Occupational Medicine of the General University Hospital in Prague and the Department of Occupational Medicine of the University Hospital Olomouc.At least once a year, they underwent clinical examination, a chest X-ray or CT scan and a lung function test.In all participants, a complete medical history was taken and a physical examination, a chest X-ray and a lung function test were performed.Their age, asbestos exposure duration, history and findings of asbestos-related pleural and/ or lung disease or malignancy were noted.Venous blood samples were collected to assess the level of serum mesothelin.The MESOMARK kit (Fujirebio Diagnostics, Inc.), a two-stage enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), was used.It utilizes two monoclonal antibodies, with 4H3 binding soluble mesothelin variants 1, 2 and 3 and OV569 detecting soluble mesothelin variants 1 and 3. Color changes are caused by the reagent substrate tetramethylbenzidine.When catalyzed with peroxidase, it produces a blue color; addition of "stop" solution (1% hydrochloric acid) changes the color from blue to yellow to be read at a wavelength of 450 nm.This is compared with a 6-point calibration curve (range, 0-32 nmol/L) to determine SMRP values in the tested samples.The cut off was set at 1.5 nmol/L.Mesothelin levels > 1.5 nmol/L were classified as increased and positive.Those ≤ 1.5 nmol/L were referred to as normal and negative.
Individuals with new or aggravated clinical symptoms (dyspnea, cough, chest pain) or abnormal chest X-ray findings underwent further investigations -a CT scan of the lungs or an 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT scan.In those with confirmed pathological findings, a morphologic diagnosis was developed to make a definite diagnosis.More detailed investigations were also carried out in persons with increased mesothelin levels.
Subsequently, based on the findings, the subjects were classified into a group of healthy persons, i.e. those with no radiological abnormalities, and individuals with abnormal radiological findings.The latter were subdivided into groups with hyalinosis, asbestosis, mesothelioma, other malignancies or combinations of these conditions.The relationship between serum mesothelin levels and exposure duration and individual groups of findings was assessed.Sensitivity and specificity of high serum mesothelin levels were calculated for the mesothelin, other malignancies and all malignancies groups.
Statistical analysis was carried out using the SPSS, version 15 software.All tests were performed at a sig-nificance level of 0.05.Descriptive statistics comprised the arithmetic mean and standard deviation (SD).The Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test and Fisher's exact test were also used.

RESULTS
The group comprised 239 persons with work-related exposure to asbestos.Their mean age was 63.84 years (± 9.920 years).The mean asbestos exposure was 19.91 years (± 10.736).Of those, 90 (37.7%) were healthy, i.e. with no pathological findings, and 149 had one or more pathological findings (Table 1).
Statistically, there was a weak positive correlation between mesothelin levels and exposure duration (r = 0.230, P=0.0003) (Fig. 1), but no statistically significant difference in exposure duration between patients with normal and those with high mesothelin levels (P=0.185).
Mesothelin levels for individual groups are shown in Table 2. Persons with abnormal X-ray findings had statistically significantly higher mesothelin levels than healthy subjects (0.78 ± 0.63 vs. 0.50 ± 0.35, P<0.0001) (Fig. 2).In those with abnormal X-ray findings, there was a statistically significantly higher proportion of individuals with positive mesothelin, as compared with the group with no findings (14.8% vs. 2.2%, P=0.001).The group with benign findings only had statistically significantly higher meso-thelin levels than the one with no abnormal X-ray scans (0.755 ± 0.543 vs. 0.50 ± 0.35, P<0.001).In the group with just benign findings (pleural hyalinosis, asbestosis), significantly higher mesothelin levels were found in asbestosis patients (P=0.027) (Fig. 3).Comparing the group with just benign findings and the group with malignant (as well as benign) findings, significantly higher mesothelin levels were found in the malignancy group (1.19 ± 0.89 vs. 0.76 ± 0.54, P=0.015) (Fig. 4).Persons with malignancies had statistically significantly higher presence of positive mesothelin as compared with the group with just benign findings (42.9% vs. 10.2%,P=0.001).In the malignancy group, there was no statistically significant difference in mesothelin levels between individuals with mesothelioma and those with other malignancies (P=0.107;mesothelioma found in 4 subjects only).
Increased mesothelin levels of > 1.5 nmol/L were detected in 24 individuals (10.0%), of whom 3 were diagnosed with mesothelioma, 6 with other malignancies and 15 with benign processes.The sensitivity and specificity of serum mesothelin for mesothelioma are shown in Table 3.

DISCUSSION
There are numerous studies suggesting mesothelin as a possible marker of asbestos exposure, with significantly higher SMRP levels being seen in asbestos-exposed persons as compared with those without the exposure.Already in their first study of mesothelin, Robinson et al. found higher levels in individuals exposed to asbestos than in healthy subjects 53 .Pass et al. reported significantly higher SMRP levels in asbestos-exposed persons than in controls (0.99 ± 0.09 vs. 0.39 ± 0.02, P<0.001) (ref. 6).Similar results were published in a 2011 Italian study showing significantly higher SMRP levels in asbestosexposed individuals compared with controls (0.93 ± 0.49 vs. 0.54 ± 0.28) (ref. 54).Also Portal et al. reported similar results for mesothelin in asbestos-related and control subjects (0.41 ± 0.15 vs. 0.23 ± 0.07, P<0.001 (ref. 55).The only exceptions are studies by Creaney et al. and Hollevoet et  al. showing similar SMRP levels in both asbestos-exposed individuals (median levels of 0.638 and 0.820, respectively) and controls (median levels of 0.701 and 0.950, respectively) (ref. 56,57).
The correlation between mesothelin levels and asbestos exposure duration was assessed but not proved by a 2009 Spanish study (r = 0.194, P=0.50) (ref. 55).Similarly, other authors found no correlations between SMRP levels    and asbestos exposure duration or numbers of asbestos fibers present in the lungs 6,49,56,[58][59][60] .This study found only a weak correlation between mesothelin levels and exposure duration (r=0.230,P=0.0003) but no differences in exposure duration between persons with normal and increased mesothelin levels.Naturally, asbestos exposure duration alone is not indicative of the severity of exposure.More significant is dustiness expressed as airborne fiber concentration.This, however, was not regularly measured at workplaces in the mid-20th century.Increased SMRP levels may be contributed to by other pathological processes as well, including specific processes in tumor cells 58 .
Most studies reported significantly higher mesothelin levels in asbestos-exposed individuals with benign pleural and pulmonary involvement than in healthy persons exposed to asbestos.Park et al. found a mean SMRP level of 0.79 ± 0.45 in healthy subjects exposed to asbestos as compared with 1.06 ± 0.92 in those with benign disease (P<0.01)(ref. 61).The same results were obtained in a 2012 Italian study, with mean SMRP levels of 0.51 nmol/L in benign disease and 0.43 nmol/L in healthy exposed population 62 .Similar findings were documented in numerous other studies 6,52,57,[63][64][65][66] .The presented study also showed statistically significantly higher mesothelin levels in a group of persons with just benign findings than in a group with no abnormalities detected by X-ray (0.755 ± 0.543 vs. 0.50 ± 0.35, P<0.001).A recent Australian study even showed an association between SMRP levels and the severity of asbestos-induced respiratory disease 67 .Exceptional are studies by Portal et al. and Felten et al. carried out in asbestos-exposed subjects.They showed no differences between individuals with benign pleural involvement and a group of healthy subjects (0.40 ± 0.14 and 0.706, respectively vs. 0.41 ± 0.15 and 0.796, respectively; P=0.038) (ref. 49,55).Surprisingly, the presented study comparing serum mesothelin levels in benign asbestos-induced respiratory disease showed significantly higher mesothelin levels in asbestosis than in pleural hyalinosis.This finding may be related to higher cumulative doses of asbestos fibers (fiber-years) assumed to be involved in the development of asbestosis.A recent study, however, reported no increase in serum SMRP in asbestosis 61 .
The first impulse for investigating SMRP as a potential predictive factor for mesothelioma was a 2003 study by Robinson et al. providing a primary assessment of the utilization of mesothelin in the diagnosis of pleural mesothelioma as compared with healthy controls exposed to asbestos and patients with other inflammatory or malignant lung and pleural diseases.Over a five-year followup, however, three out of seven asbestos-exposed healthy individuals with increased concentrations of soluble mesothelin were diagnosed with pleural mesothelioma; another person developed lung cancer 53 .
Other studies produced less optimistic results.An Australian study assessed 538 asbestos-exposed subjects comprising a heterogeneous group of individuals with or without radiologically confirmed asbestos-induced pleural or lung disease.The cut-off was set at 2.5 nmol/L.Increased concentrations were found in 15 persons who underwent further examinations including PET/CT scans.One of them was diagnosed with lung carcinoma but none of them had pleural mesothelioma 61 .
Roe et al. investigated SMRP in serum samples collected 1-30 years prior to the diagnosis of pleural mesothelioma from 47 persons with the disease and analyzed serum samples in 141 controls.The SMRP cut-off was 2.3 nmol/L.The authors observed neither elevated serum SMRP levels prior to the diagnosis of pleural mesothelioma nor differences in SMRP concentration between the mesothelioma group and controls 36 .
In a 2010 Australian study, SMRP was repeatedly assessed in archived serum samples obtained from 106 persons with pleural mesothelioma, 99 asbestos-exposed individuals and 109 healthy controls.The median SMRP concentrations were 1.556 nmol/L, 0.638 nmol/L and 0.701 nmol/L, respectively.With a cut-off of 2.5 mmol/L, an absolute increase in SMRP was observed in 15% of mesothelioma patients with a median of 8 months prior to the diagnosis.During longitudinal follow-up, SMRP was relatively increased in 40% of pleural mesothelioma patients 56 .
A recent German study of serum SMRP with a cut-off of 1.5 nmol/L found that in asbestos-exposed subjects, the specificity and sensitivity for mesothelioma were 91.8% and only 10.0%, respectively 8 .Unlike other recent studies on pleural mesothelioma, the presented study found relatively high sensitivity and high specificity of serum mesothelin (75.0% and 90.6%, respectively).However, the result is most likely to be caused by a small, statistically insignificant number of patients with mesothelioma of the pleura (n=4).After all malignancies were included in the analysis, the results corresponded with recent data, showing high specificity but markedly lower sensitivity.Given the small number of pleural mesothelioma cases, mesothelin levels could not be compared between pleural mesothelioma and other malignancies.Some studies claim that there is no increase in SMRP at 12 months or more before the diagnosis of mesothelioma 8,36 .On the other hand, it is suggested that at least six months prior to the development of clinical manifestations of mesothelioma, SMRP levels are significantly increased 49 .It seems, however, that rather than using absolute SMRP concentrations, assessing SMRP change dynamics (marker velocity) or time to doubling of SMRP levels (doubling time) could be more useful 49 .But recent studies recommend that SMRP should not be used in the screening for mesothelioma in asbestosexposed persons 3,61 .
Another finding in many studies was statistically significantly higher mesothelin levels in mesothelioma than in metastatic involvement of the pleura but also statistically significantly higher mesothelin concentrations in metastatic pleural disease compared with asbestos-exposed individuals (healthy and/or with benign disease) (ref. 37,63,65,70).
Large differences in results between individual studies are probably due to different cut-off values used.Higher cut-offs mostly lead to higher sensitivity and lower specificity.There have been studies measuring pleural SMRP, the absolute values of which tend to be higher than those of serum SMRP, showing similar sensitivity and specificity 6,37,58,75 .
Most studies have shown higher SMRP levels in epithelioid mesothelioma than in other mesothelioma types, with an SMRP sensitivity of only 10% in sarcomatoid mesothelioma and 40% in the mixed type 30,36,37,53,[69][70][71]76,77 . Also n the presented group of subjects examined for pleural effusions of unknown etiology, the sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, accuracy and median of serum mesothelin were higher in epithelioid mesothelioma than in the group of all mesothelioma types 78 .Serum SMRP levels are assumed to be directly correlated with the proportion of the epithelial component in the tumor 37 .Higher clinical stages of mesothelioma (stages II and III-IV) are associated with higher SMRP concentrations 6,58,69,71 .Other data suggest that serum mesothelin levels increase as the tumor grows 53,70,71 .On the other hand, surgical tumor reduction is followed by a decrease in SMRP levels 6,35,68 .
Numerous studies have reported increased SMRP to be an independent prognostic factors for mesothelioma, with mesothelin levels negatively correlating with survival 31,36,37,63,71,74 .Another area of application of serum mesothelin measurement is monitoring of mesothelioma progression and its response to therapy, with SMRP being increased in disease progression and stable or decreasing SMRP levels being a sign of positive response to therapy 30,53,63,64,70,71,79 .

CONCLUSIONS
Finding a sensitive marker for the early diagnosis of mesothelioma is a challenge.It is expected that the number of cases of the disease will continue to rise due to a widespread use of asbestos in the last century.Moreover, the association with occupational exposure to asbestos is not considered in many mesothelioma patients.As a result, approximately 90% of these patients are not compensated for having an occupational disease 80 .The presented study found significantly higher mesothelin levels in individuals with pathological chest X-ray findings, significantly more frequently in those with malignant disease.Only a weak correlation between mesothelin levels and asbestos exposure duration was found.There was a relatively high sensitivity of serum mesothelin for pleural mesothelioma.However, the finding cannot be considered as statistically significant due to a small number of mesothelioma patients in the study.Thus, more large studies are needed to confirm the significance of mesothelin for asbestos-exposed persons or asbestos-induced diseases.

Fig. 4 .
Fig. 4. Comparison of value of mesothelin in patients with benign and malignant pathologic findings.

Table 1 .
Distribution patients according to pathologic finding.

Table 2 .
Value of SMRP in the groups of patients.

Table 3 .
Sensitivity a specificity of SMRP for malignant diseases.