PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Kaiserova, Michaela
AU  - Grambalova, Zuzana
AU  - Kurcova, Sandra
AU  - Otruba, Pavel
AU  - Prikrylova Vranova, Hana
AU  - Mensikova, Katerina
AU  - Kanovsky, Petr
TI  - Premotor Parkinson's disease: Overview of clinical symptoms and current diagnostic methods
DP  - 2021 Jun 10
TA  - Biomedical papers
PG  - 103--112
VI  - 165
IP  - 2
AID - 10.5507/bp.2021.002
IS  - 12138118
AB  - Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by typical motor symptoms. However, recent studies show several non-motor features that may precede the development of the motor symptoms of PD. The best known premotor symptoms include hyposmia, REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), constipation, and depression; other symptoms are excessive daytime somnolence, orthostatic hypotension and symptomatic hypotension, erectile or urinary dysfunction, musculoskeletal symptoms, pain, and global cognitive deficit. In this review, we summarize currently available diagnostic methods for these symptoms. We also briefly summarize neuroimaging, polyneuropathy, peripheral markers, and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers that may be used in the early diagnosis of PD.